Each
pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of
molecules aligned between two
transparent electrodes, and two
polarizing filters, the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. With actual
liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer.
The surface of the electrodes that are in contact with the liquid
crystal material are treated so as to align the liquid crystal molecules
in a particular direction. This treatment typically consists of a thin
polymer
layer that is unidirectionally rubbed using, for example, a cloth. The
direction of the liquid crystal alignment is then defined by the
direction of rubbing. Electrodes are made of the transparent conductor
Indium Tin Oxide
(ITO). The Liquid Crystal Display is intrinsically a “passive” device,
it is a simple light valve. The managing and control of the data to be
displayed is performed by one or more circuits commonly denoted as
LCD drivers.
[3]
Before applying an
electric field,
the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules is determined by the
alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a twisted nematic device
(still the most common liquid crystal device), the surface alignment
directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to each other, and so
the molecules arrange themselves in a
helical
structure, or twist. This induces the rotation of the polarization of
the incident light, and the device appears grey. If the applied voltage
is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules in the center of the layer
are almost completely untwisted and the polarization of the
incident light is not rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized
perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the
pixel
will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid
crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in
varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray.
LCD with top polarizer removed from device and placed on top, such that the top and bottom polarizers are parallel.
The optical effect of a twisted nematic device in the voltage-on
state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than
that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, these devices are
usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear bright
with no voltage (the eye is much more sensitive to variations in the
dark state than the bright state). These devices can also be operated
between parallel polarizers, in which case the bright and dark states
are reversed. The voltage-off dark state in this configuration appears
blotchy, however, because of small variations of thickness across the
device.
Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain
ionic compounds.
If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long
period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and
degrades the device performance. This is avoided either by applying an
alternating current
or by reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is
addressed (the response of the liquid crystal layer is identical,
regardless of the polarity of the applied field).
Displays for a small number of individual digits and/or fixed symbols (as in
digital watches,
pocket calculators etc.) can be implemented with independent electrodes for each segment. In contrast full
alphanumeric
and/or variable graphics displays are usually implemented with pixels
arranged as a matrix consisting of electrically connected rows on one
side of the LC layer and columns on the other side, which makes it
possible to address each pixel at the intersections. The general method
of matrix addressing consists of sequentially addressing one side of the
matrix, for example by selecting the rows one-by-one and applying the
picture information on the other side at the columns row-by-row.
For details on the various matrix addressing schemes see Passive-matrix and active-matrix addressed LCDs.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display